Rethinking Slash-and-Burn Agriculture: Slowing Down the Progress for Sustainability
Gilang Mahadika
1
, Rangga Kala Mahaswa
2
, Putri Ananda Saka
3
1
Department of History, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
2
Department of Philosophy, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
3
Department of History Education, Universitas Negeri Jakarta, Jakarta, Indonesia
gilangmahadika@mail.ugm.ac.id
Abstract
Slash-and-burn agriculture is often depicted as a "primitive" or "traditional" form of farming, closely tied to the way of life of indigenous communities. The Dayak Benuaq people, who live in the upstream areas of Kutai Barat, East Kalimantan, continue to practice this method to this day. Anthropologists have extensively documented this agricultural model, revealing its potential sustainability when practiced in balance with ecological processes. This paper aims to explore the strong connections between slash-and-burn farming and indigenous ecological succession, while also encouraging a rethinking of the concept of metabolism within this agricultural system. By incorporating the framework of ‘degrowth,’ it becomes evident that slash-and-burn agriculture embodies principles of allowing the soil and environment to recuperate during fallow periods. In the context of the rapid expansion of monoculture plantations, such as oil palm and rubber, in Kalimantan, this study seeks to demonstrate how slash-and-burn agriculture is adapting to the pressures of global commodity crop production. Through a systematic literature review, our findings highlight that the Dayak Benuaq community is not isolated but instead demonstrates resilience and adaptability by integrating sustainable practices with global commodity changes. This research seeks to address two main questions: (1) What is the relationship between slash and-burn agriculture and ecological succession, and (2) how has this farming method adapted to accommodate commodity crops like oil palm? By answering these questions, the study discusses the role of ecological succession in sustaining indigenous agricultural practices and how these practices are being reshaped in response to broader environmental and economic forces
Keywords
slash-and-burn agriculture, degrowth, metabolism, sustainability, ecological succession
References
Aritonang, Jan Sihar & Steenbrink, K. (2008). Kalimantan or Indonesian Borneo. In A History of Christianity in Indonesia (pp. 493–526). Brill.
Bezerra, J. S., Arroyo-Rodríguez, V., Arasa-Gisbert, R., & Meave, J. A. (2024). Multiscale Effects of Slash-and-Burn Agriculture Across the Tropics: Implications for the Sustainability of an Ancestral Agroecosystem. Sustainability, 16(22), 9994. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16229994
Brady, N. C. (1996). Alternatives to slash-and-burn: A global imperative. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 58(1), 3–11.
Brown, T. (2016). Civil society organizations for sustainable agriculture: negotiating power relations for pro-poor development in India. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems. https://doi.org/10.1080/21683565.2016.1139648
Buana, M. S. (2020). Pengakuan Negara atas “Agama” Kaharingan dan Kontestasi Kebebasan Beragama dan Berkeyakinan. In D. T. Khanif, Al & Wildana (Ed.), Kebebasan Beragama atau Berkeyakinan di Indonesia (pp. 167–207). Malang: Intrans Publishing.
Cao, J., & Solangi, Y. A. (2023). Analyzing and Prioritizing the Barriers and Solutions of Sustainable Agriculture for Promoting Sustainable Development Goals in China. Sustainability, 15(10), 8317. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15108317
Chang, C. C., & Turner, B. L. (2019). Ecological succession in a changing world. Journal of Ecology, 107(2), 503–509. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.13132
Chen, C., Li, C., Huang, C., Lin, H., & Zelený, D. (2022). Secondary succession on landslides in submontane forests of central Taiwan: Environmental drivers and restoration strategies. Applied Vegetation Science, 25(1). https://doi.org/10.1111/avsc.12635
Copper, P. (1988). Ecological succession in phanerozoic reef ecosystems: Is it real? Palaios. https://doi.org/10.2307/3514526
Daniel Tang, K. H., & Yap, P.-S. (2020). A Systematic Review of Slash-and-Burn Agriculture as an Obstacle to Future-Proofing Climate Change. 01–19. https://doi.org/10.17501/2513258X.2020.4101
Dhanaraju, M., Chenniappan, P., Ramalingam, K., Pazhanivelan, S., & Kaliaperumal, R. (2022). Smart Farming: Internet of Things (IoT)-Based Sustainable Agriculture. Agriculture, 12(10), 1745. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12101745
Dorji, T., Rinchen, K., Morrison-Saunders, A., Blake, D., Banham, V., & Pelden, S. (2024). Understanding How Indigenous Knowledge Contributes to Climate Change Adaptation and Resilience: A Systematic Literature Review. Environmental Management, 74(6), 1101–1123. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-024-02032-x
Edivaldo, T., & Rosell, S. (2020). Slash-and-burn agriculture in southern Brazil: characteristics, food production and prospects. Scottish Geographical Journal, 136(1–4), 176–194. https://doi.org/10.1080/14702541.2020.1776893
Escobar, A. (2015). Degrowth, postdevelopment, and transitions: A preliminary conversation. Sustainability Science, 10, 451–462.
Fachin, P. A., Costa, Y. T., & Thomaz, E. L. (2021). Evolution of the soil chemical properties in slash-and-burn agriculture along several years of fallow. Science of the Total Environment. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142823
Faroque, M., Kashem, M., & Bilkis, S. (2013). Sustainable Agriculture: A Challenge in Bangladesh. International Journal of Agricultural Research, Innovation and Technology, 1(1–2), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.3329/ijarit.v1i1-2.13922
Farrell, A., & Hart, M. (1998). What does sustainability really mean?: The search for useful indicators.Environment. https://doi.org/10.1080/00139159809605096
Fischer-Kowalski, M., & Haberl, H. (2007). Conceptualizing, observing and comparing socioecological transitions. Socioecological Transitions and Global Change: Trajectories of Social Metabolism and Land Use, 1–30.
Fischer-Kowalski, M., Krausmann, F., & Pallua, I. (2014). A sociometabolic reading of the Anthropocene: Modes of subsistence, population size and human impact on Earth. The Anthropocene Review, 1(1), 8–33. https://doi.org/10.1177/2053019613518033
Foster, J. B. (2020). The return of nature: Socialism and ecology. Monthly Review Press.
Fox, J. M. (2000). How Blaming “Slash and Burn” Farmers is Deforesting Mainland Southeast Asia. Asia Pacific Issue, (47). Retrieved from https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/28630/api047.pdf.
Giardina, C. P., Sanford, R. L., & Døckersmith, I. C. (2000). Changes in Soil Phosphorus and Nitrogen During Slash‐and‐Burn Clearing of a Dry Tropical Forest. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 64(1), 399–405. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2000.641399x
González-Abraham, C., Flores-Santana, C., Rodríguez-Ramírez, S., Olguín-Álvarez, M., Flores-Martínez, A., Torres Rojo, J. M., Bocco Verdinelli, G., Fernández Calleros, C. A., & McCord, G. C. (2023). Long-term pathways analysis to assess the feasibility of sustainable land-use and food systems in Mexico. Sustainability Science, 18(1), 469–484. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-022-01243-7
Harvey, D. (2023). A companion to Marx’s Grundrisse. Verso.
Haug, M. (2021). Framing the Future through the Lens of Hope: Environmental Change, Diverse Hopes and the Challenge of Engagement. Die Zeitschrift Für Ethnologie/Journal of Social and Cultural Anthropology, 145, 71–91.
Heikkurinen, P. (2019). Degrowth: A metamorphosis in being. Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space, 2(3), 528–547. https://doi.org/10.1177/2514848618822511
Heikkurinen, P. (2024). Degrowth: An Experience of Being Finite. Mayflybooks.
Janker, J., Mann, S., & Rist, S. (2018). What is sustainable agriculture? Critical analysis of the international political discourse. Sustainability (Switzerland). https://doi.org/10.3390/su10124707
Joshi, Laxman, Wijaya, Kusuma, Sirait, Martua & Mulyoutami, E. (2004). Indigenous systems and ecological knowledge among Dayak People in Kutai Barat, East Kalimantan--a preliminary report (ICRAF Southeast Asia Working Paper No. 3).
Kamara, A., Sidie Vonu, O., Lansana, J., Lansana, J., & Saidu Sesay, F. (2016). Extent of Reduction of the Fallow Period and Its Impact on Upland Rice Production in the Nongowa Chiefdom of Kenema District in Eastern Sierra Leone. Agricultural Sciences. https://doi.org/10.4236/as.2016.711073
Kappesser, R., Greif, R., & Cornet, I. (1969). Evaporation Retardation by Monolayers. Science, 166(3903), 403–403. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.166.3903.403-a
Khan, N., Ray, R. L., Sargani, G. R., Ihtisham, M., Khayyam, M., & Ismail, S. (2021). Current progress and future prospects of agriculture technology: Gateway to sustainable agriculture. In Sustainability (Switzerland). https://doi.org/10.3390/su13094883
Kishimoto, A., Kinoshita, R., Fujitake, N., Osaki, M., Clayton, M., & Tani, M. (2024). Spatial variation of soil characteristics affected by biochar materials from traditional slash and burn agriculture in Sabah, Malaysia. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition. https://doi.org/10.1080/00380768.2023.2211984.
KITLV. (1931). Draagmanden van gespleten rotan in de Apo Kajan op Oost-Borneo. Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies (KITLV). http://hdl.handle.net/1887.1/item:733528.
Kothari, A., Salleh, A., Escobar, A., Demaria, F., & Acosta, A. (Eds.). (2019). Pluriverse: A post-development dictionary. Tulika Books.
Leach, E. R. (1970). Political Systems of Highland Burma: A Study of Kachin Social Structure. London: The Athlone Press University of London.
Li, T. M. (2000). Articulating Indigenous Identity in Indonesia: Resource Politics and the Tribal Slot. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 42(1), 149–179. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0010417500002632
Li, T. M. (2002). Local Histories, Global Markets: Cocoa and Class in Upland Sulawesi. Development and Change, 33(3), 415–437. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-7660.00261
Li, Tania Murray & Semedi, P. (2021). Plantation Life: Corporate Occupation in Indonesia’s Oil Palm Zone. Durham and London: Duke University Press.
Lichtfouse, E. (2021). Sustainable Agriculture Reviews 52 (E. Lichtfouse (ed.); 52nd ed.). Springer Nature. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=mVk7EAAAQBAJ&dq=Sustainable+Agriculture+Reviews&lr=&hl=id&source=gbs_navlinks_s
Lintemani, M. G., Loss, A., Mendes, C. S., & Fantini, A. C. (2020). Long fallows allow soil regeneration in slash‐and‐burn agriculture. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 100(3), 1142–1154. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.10123
Mahadika, G. (2023). “Berkebun” di Perkebunan: Sistem Agroforestri Lokal dalam Menyeimbangkan Kebutuhan Komoditas, Subsisten, dan Pemulihan Keanekaragaman Hayati. Universitas Gadjah Mada. Retrieved from https://etd.repository.ugm.ac.id/penelitian/detail/219854
Mahaswa, R. K., Gebbyano, N., & Hardiyanti. (2025). Bioinspired technology and the uncanny Anthropocene. Technology in Society, 81, 102801. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2024.102801
Marx, K. (2005). Grundrisse: Foundations of the Critique of Political Economy. Penguin. Melo, O., Báez, N., & Acuña, D. (2021). Towards Sustainable Agriculture in Chile, Reflections on the Role of Public Policy. International Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources, 48(3), 186–209. https://doi.org/10.7764/ijanr.v48i3.2359
Moore, J. W. (2015). Capitalism in the web of life: Ecology and the accumulation of capital (1st Edition). Verso.
Moreno-Casasola, P. (2022). The challenge of participatory restoration in rural areas. Botanical Sciences, 100(Special), S218–S244. https://doi.org/10.17129/botsci.3149
Murdjoko, A., Brearley, F. Q., Ungirwalu, A., Djitmau, D. A., & Benu, N. M. H. (2022). Secondary Succession after Slash-and-Burn Cultivation in Papuan Lowland Forest, Indonesia. Forests, 13(3), 434. https://doi.org/10.3390/f13030434
Nelson, A., & Edwards, F. (2020). Food for degrowth: Perspectives and practices. https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=lhQHEAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=FOOD+SECURITY+IN+INDIGENOUS+DEGROWTH&ots=8HB8BnHWpX&sig=o9awtM--haZcxFrz0-UXps_Hnr0
Olofson, H. (1983). Indigenous Agroforestry System. Phillipine Quarterly of Culture and Society, 11, 149–174.
Otto, J. S., & Anderson, N. E. (1982). Slash-and-Burn Cultivation in the Highlands South: A Problem in Comparative Agricultural History. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 24(1), 131–147. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0010417500009816
Padwe, J. (2020). Disturbed Forests, Fragmented Memories: Jarai and Other Lives in the Cambodian Highlands. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
Palm, C., Vosti, S. A., Sanchez, P. A., & Ericksen, P. J. (2005). Slash-and-burn agriculture: The search for alternatives. Columbia University Press. https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=7UaEtp9IuoUC&oi=fnd&pg=PR9&dq=slash-andburn+agriculture+indigenous+&ots=FrfO32OXq-&sig=oTov9UGXa68tLyiNr0p0doWP3m8
Peluso, N. L. (1992). The Rattan Trade in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Advances in Economic Botany, 9, 115–127.
Pérez-Hernández, J., & Gavilán, R. G. (2021). Impacts of Land-Use Changes on Vegetation and Ecosystem Functioning: Old-Field Secondary Succession. Plants, 10(5), 990. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10050990
Pietrzykowski, M., Woś, B., Likus‐Cieślik, J., Pająk, M., Sierka, E., & Stalmachová, B. (2024). Restoration Ecosystem Toward Spontaneous Succession on Reclaimed Mining Sites. In Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services on Post‐Industrial Land (pp. 97–118). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781394187416.ch4
Potter, L. (2008). The oil palm question in Borneo. In M. Persoon, Gerard A. & Osseweijer (Ed.), Reflections on the heart of Borneo (pp. 69–90). Wegeningen, the Netherlands: Tropenbos International.
Rodríguez, I., & Inturias, M. L. (2018). Conflict transformation in indigenous peoples’ territories: Doing environmental justice with a ‘decolonial turn.’ Development Studies Research, 5(1), 90–105. https://doi.org/10.1080/21665095.2018.1486220
Rundstrom, R. A. (1995). GIS, Indigenous Peoples, and Epistemological Diversity. Cartography and Geographic Information Systems, 22(1), 45–57. https://doi.org/10.1559/152304095782540564
Saikanth, D. R. K., Supriya, Singh, B. V., Rai, A. K., Bana, S. R., Sachan, D. S., & Singh, B. (2023). Advancing Sustainable Agriculture: A Comprehensive Review for Optimizing Food Production and Environmental Conservation. International Journal of Plant & Soil Science. https://doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2023/v35i163169
Saito, K. (2016). Marx’s Ecological Notebooks. Monthly Review, 67(9), 25. https://doi.org/10.14452/MR-067-09-2016-02_3
Saito, K. (2020). Capital in the Anthropocene [Hitoshinsei no Shihonron]. Tokyo: Shueisha.
Saito, K. (2023). Marx in the Anthropocene: Towards the Idea of Degrowth Communism. Cambridge University Press.
Saito, K. (2024). Slow down: How degrowth communism can save the earth. Hachette UK. https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=XSu1EAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PT3&dq=DEGROWTH+SAITO+2024&ots=WVq4ip9Lv6&sig=1PIaq6Fj3xjU4HlLPAawqjLVUH4
Schmidt, M. V. C., Ikpeng, Y. U., Kayabi, T., Sanches, R. A., Ono, K. Y., & Adams, C. (2021). Indigenous Knowledge and Forest Succession Management in the Brazilian Amazon: Contributions to Reforestation of Degraded Areas. Frontiers in Forests and Global Change, 4. https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2021.605925
Scott, J. C. (2009). The Art of Not Being Governed: An Anarchist History of Upland Southeast Asia. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
Siebrecht, N. (2020). Sustainable agriculture and its implementation gap - Overcoming obstacles to implementation. Sustainability (Switzerland). https://doi.org/10.3390/su12093853
Soehartono, T. & Newton, A. (2002). The Gaharu trade in Indonesia: is it sustainable? Economic Botany, (3), 271–284.
Sultana, F. (2023). Whose growth in whose planetary boundaries? Decolonising planetary justice in the Anthropocene. Geo: Geography and Environment, 10(2), e00128. https://doi.org/10.1002/geo2.128
Tanzito, G., Ibanda, P. A., Talaguma, R., & Lusanga, N. M. (2020). Slash-and-burn agriculture, the major cropping system in the region of Faradje in Democratic Republic of Congo: Ecological and socio-economic consequences. Journal of Development and Agricultural Economics, 12(1), 25–36. https://doi.org/10.5897/JDAE2019.1140
Thomaz, E. L. (2013). Slash-and-burn agriculture: Establishing scenarios of runoff and soil loss for a five-year cycle. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2013.01.008
Trivedi, P., Mattupalli, C., Eversole, K., & Leach, J. E. (2021). Enabling sustainable agriculture through understanding and enhancement of microbiomes. In New Phytologist. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.17319
Tsing, A. L. (1993). In the Realm of the Diamond Queen: Marginality in an Out-of-the-Way Place. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Viswanath, S., & Lubina, P. A. (2017). Traditional Agroforestry Systems. In J. C. Dagar & V. P. Tewari (Eds.), Agroforestry (pp. 91–119). Springer Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7650-3_3
Würtz, P., & Annila, A. (2010). Ecological succession as an energy dispersal process. Biosystems, 100(1), 70–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystems.2010.01.004
Ziegler, A. D., Fox, J. M., Webb, E. L., Padoch, C., Leisz, S. J., Cramb, R. A., Mertz, O., Bruun, T. B., & Vien, T. D. (2011). Recognizing Contemporary Roles of Swidden Agriculture in Transforming Landscapes of Southeast Asia. Conservation Biology. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2011.01664.x
2 Department of Philosophy, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
3 Department of History Education, Universitas Negeri Jakarta, Jakarta, Indonesia
gilangmahadika@mail.ugm.ac.id
Abstract
Keywords
slash-and-burn agriculture, degrowth, metabolism, sustainability, ecological successionReferences
Aritonang, Jan Sihar & Steenbrink, K. (2008). Kalimantan or Indonesian Borneo. In A History of Christianity in Indonesia (pp. 493–526). Brill.
Bezerra, J. S., Arroyo-Rodríguez, V., Arasa-Gisbert, R., & Meave, J. A. (2024). Multiscale Effects of Slash-and-Burn Agriculture Across the Tropics: Implications for the Sustainability of an Ancestral Agroecosystem. Sustainability, 16(22), 9994. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16229994
Brady, N. C. (1996). Alternatives to slash-and-burn: A global imperative. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 58(1), 3–11.
Brown, T. (2016). Civil society organizations for sustainable agriculture: negotiating power relations for pro-poor development in India. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems. https://doi.org/10.1080/21683565.2016.1139648
Buana, M. S. (2020). Pengakuan Negara atas “Agama” Kaharingan dan Kontestasi Kebebasan Beragama dan Berkeyakinan. In D. T. Khanif, Al & Wildana (Ed.), Kebebasan Beragama atau Berkeyakinan di Indonesia (pp. 167–207). Malang: Intrans Publishing.
Cao, J., & Solangi, Y. A. (2023). Analyzing and Prioritizing the Barriers and Solutions of Sustainable Agriculture for Promoting Sustainable Development Goals in China. Sustainability, 15(10), 8317. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15108317
Chang, C. C., & Turner, B. L. (2019). Ecological succession in a changing world. Journal of Ecology, 107(2), 503–509. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.13132
Chen, C., Li, C., Huang, C., Lin, H., & Zelený, D. (2022). Secondary succession on landslides in submontane forests of central Taiwan: Environmental drivers and restoration strategies. Applied Vegetation Science, 25(1). https://doi.org/10.1111/avsc.12635
Copper, P. (1988). Ecological succession in phanerozoic reef ecosystems: Is it real? Palaios. https://doi.org/10.2307/3514526
Daniel Tang, K. H., & Yap, P.-S. (2020). A Systematic Review of Slash-and-Burn Agriculture as an Obstacle to Future-Proofing Climate Change. 01–19. https://doi.org/10.17501/2513258X.2020.4101
Dhanaraju, M., Chenniappan, P., Ramalingam, K., Pazhanivelan, S., & Kaliaperumal, R. (2022). Smart Farming: Internet of Things (IoT)-Based Sustainable Agriculture. Agriculture, 12(10), 1745. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12101745
Dorji, T., Rinchen, K., Morrison-Saunders, A., Blake, D., Banham, V., & Pelden, S. (2024). Understanding How Indigenous Knowledge Contributes to Climate Change Adaptation and Resilience: A Systematic Literature Review. Environmental Management, 74(6), 1101–1123. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-024-02032-x
Edivaldo, T., & Rosell, S. (2020). Slash-and-burn agriculture in southern Brazil: characteristics, food production and prospects. Scottish Geographical Journal, 136(1–4), 176–194. https://doi.org/10.1080/14702541.2020.1776893
Escobar, A. (2015). Degrowth, postdevelopment, and transitions: A preliminary conversation. Sustainability Science, 10, 451–462.
Fachin, P. A., Costa, Y. T., & Thomaz, E. L. (2021). Evolution of the soil chemical properties in slash-and-burn agriculture along several years of fallow. Science of the Total Environment. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142823
Faroque, M., Kashem, M., & Bilkis, S. (2013). Sustainable Agriculture: A Challenge in Bangladesh. International Journal of Agricultural Research, Innovation and Technology, 1(1–2), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.3329/ijarit.v1i1-2.13922
Farrell, A., & Hart, M. (1998). What does sustainability really mean?: The search for useful indicators.Environment. https://doi.org/10.1080/00139159809605096
Fischer-Kowalski, M., & Haberl, H. (2007). Conceptualizing, observing and comparing socioecological transitions. Socioecological Transitions and Global Change: Trajectories of Social Metabolism and Land Use, 1–30.
Fischer-Kowalski, M., Krausmann, F., & Pallua, I. (2014). A sociometabolic reading of the Anthropocene: Modes of subsistence, population size and human impact on Earth. The Anthropocene Review, 1(1), 8–33. https://doi.org/10.1177/2053019613518033
Foster, J. B. (2020). The return of nature: Socialism and ecology. Monthly Review Press.
Fox, J. M. (2000). How Blaming “Slash and Burn” Farmers is Deforesting Mainland Southeast Asia. Asia Pacific Issue, (47). Retrieved from https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/28630/api047.pdf.
Giardina, C. P., Sanford, R. L., & Døckersmith, I. C. (2000). Changes in Soil Phosphorus and Nitrogen During Slash‐and‐Burn Clearing of a Dry Tropical Forest. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 64(1), 399–405. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2000.641399x
González-Abraham, C., Flores-Santana, C., Rodríguez-Ramírez, S., Olguín-Álvarez, M., Flores-Martínez, A., Torres Rojo, J. M., Bocco Verdinelli, G., Fernández Calleros, C. A., & McCord, G. C. (2023). Long-term pathways analysis to assess the feasibility of sustainable land-use and food systems in Mexico. Sustainability Science, 18(1), 469–484. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-022-01243-7
Harvey, D. (2023). A companion to Marx’s Grundrisse. Verso.
Haug, M. (2021). Framing the Future through the Lens of Hope: Environmental Change, Diverse Hopes and the Challenge of Engagement. Die Zeitschrift Für Ethnologie/Journal of Social and Cultural Anthropology, 145, 71–91.
Heikkurinen, P. (2019). Degrowth: A metamorphosis in being. Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space, 2(3), 528–547. https://doi.org/10.1177/2514848618822511
Heikkurinen, P. (2024). Degrowth: An Experience of Being Finite. Mayflybooks.
Janker, J., Mann, S., & Rist, S. (2018). What is sustainable agriculture? Critical analysis of the international political discourse. Sustainability (Switzerland). https://doi.org/10.3390/su10124707
Joshi, Laxman, Wijaya, Kusuma, Sirait, Martua & Mulyoutami, E. (2004). Indigenous systems and ecological knowledge among Dayak People in Kutai Barat, East Kalimantan--a preliminary report (ICRAF Southeast Asia Working Paper No. 3).
Kamara, A., Sidie Vonu, O., Lansana, J., Lansana, J., & Saidu Sesay, F. (2016). Extent of Reduction of the Fallow Period and Its Impact on Upland Rice Production in the Nongowa Chiefdom of Kenema District in Eastern Sierra Leone. Agricultural Sciences. https://doi.org/10.4236/as.2016.711073
Kappesser, R., Greif, R., & Cornet, I. (1969). Evaporation Retardation by Monolayers. Science, 166(3903), 403–403. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.166.3903.403-a
Khan, N., Ray, R. L., Sargani, G. R., Ihtisham, M., Khayyam, M., & Ismail, S. (2021). Current progress and future prospects of agriculture technology: Gateway to sustainable agriculture. In Sustainability (Switzerland). https://doi.org/10.3390/su13094883
Kishimoto, A., Kinoshita, R., Fujitake, N., Osaki, M., Clayton, M., & Tani, M. (2024). Spatial variation of soil characteristics affected by biochar materials from traditional slash and burn agriculture in Sabah, Malaysia. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition. https://doi.org/10.1080/00380768.2023.2211984.
KITLV. (1931). Draagmanden van gespleten rotan in de Apo Kajan op Oost-Borneo. Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies (KITLV). http://hdl.handle.net/1887.1/item:733528.
Kothari, A., Salleh, A., Escobar, A., Demaria, F., & Acosta, A. (Eds.). (2019). Pluriverse: A post-development dictionary. Tulika Books.
Leach, E. R. (1970). Political Systems of Highland Burma: A Study of Kachin Social Structure. London: The Athlone Press University of London.
Li, T. M. (2000). Articulating Indigenous Identity in Indonesia: Resource Politics and the Tribal Slot. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 42(1), 149–179. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0010417500002632
Li, T. M. (2002). Local Histories, Global Markets: Cocoa and Class in Upland Sulawesi. Development and Change, 33(3), 415–437. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-7660.00261
Li, Tania Murray & Semedi, P. (2021). Plantation Life: Corporate Occupation in Indonesia’s Oil Palm Zone. Durham and London: Duke University Press.
Lichtfouse, E. (2021). Sustainable Agriculture Reviews 52 (E. Lichtfouse (ed.); 52nd ed.). Springer Nature. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=mVk7EAAAQBAJ&dq=Sustainable+Agriculture+Reviews&lr=&hl=id&source=gbs_navlinks_s
Lintemani, M. G., Loss, A., Mendes, C. S., & Fantini, A. C. (2020). Long fallows allow soil regeneration in slash‐and‐burn agriculture. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 100(3), 1142–1154. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.10123
Mahadika, G. (2023). “Berkebun” di Perkebunan: Sistem Agroforestri Lokal dalam Menyeimbangkan Kebutuhan Komoditas, Subsisten, dan Pemulihan Keanekaragaman Hayati. Universitas Gadjah Mada. Retrieved from https://etd.repository.ugm.ac.id/penelitian/detail/219854
Mahaswa, R. K., Gebbyano, N., & Hardiyanti. (2025). Bioinspired technology and the uncanny Anthropocene. Technology in Society, 81, 102801. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2024.102801
Marx, K. (2005). Grundrisse: Foundations of the Critique of Political Economy. Penguin. Melo, O., Báez, N., & Acuña, D. (2021). Towards Sustainable Agriculture in Chile, Reflections on the Role of Public Policy. International Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources, 48(3), 186–209. https://doi.org/10.7764/ijanr.v48i3.2359
Moore, J. W. (2015). Capitalism in the web of life: Ecology and the accumulation of capital (1st Edition). Verso.
Moreno-Casasola, P. (2022). The challenge of participatory restoration in rural areas. Botanical Sciences, 100(Special), S218–S244. https://doi.org/10.17129/botsci.3149
Murdjoko, A., Brearley, F. Q., Ungirwalu, A., Djitmau, D. A., & Benu, N. M. H. (2022). Secondary Succession after Slash-and-Burn Cultivation in Papuan Lowland Forest, Indonesia. Forests, 13(3), 434. https://doi.org/10.3390/f13030434
Nelson, A., & Edwards, F. (2020). Food for degrowth: Perspectives and practices. https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=lhQHEAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=FOOD+SECURITY+IN+INDIGENOUS+DEGROWTH&ots=8HB8BnHWpX&sig=o9awtM--haZcxFrz0-UXps_Hnr0
Olofson, H. (1983). Indigenous Agroforestry System. Phillipine Quarterly of Culture and Society, 11, 149–174.
Otto, J. S., & Anderson, N. E. (1982). Slash-and-Burn Cultivation in the Highlands South: A Problem in Comparative Agricultural History. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 24(1), 131–147. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0010417500009816
Padwe, J. (2020). Disturbed Forests, Fragmented Memories: Jarai and Other Lives in the Cambodian Highlands. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
Palm, C., Vosti, S. A., Sanchez, P. A., & Ericksen, P. J. (2005). Slash-and-burn agriculture: The search for alternatives. Columbia University Press. https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=7UaEtp9IuoUC&oi=fnd&pg=PR9&dq=slash-andburn+agriculture+indigenous+&ots=FrfO32OXq-&sig=oTov9UGXa68tLyiNr0p0doWP3m8
Peluso, N. L. (1992). The Rattan Trade in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Advances in Economic Botany, 9, 115–127.
Pérez-Hernández, J., & Gavilán, R. G. (2021). Impacts of Land-Use Changes on Vegetation and Ecosystem Functioning: Old-Field Secondary Succession. Plants, 10(5), 990. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10050990
Pietrzykowski, M., Woś, B., Likus‐Cieślik, J., Pająk, M., Sierka, E., & Stalmachová, B. (2024). Restoration Ecosystem Toward Spontaneous Succession on Reclaimed Mining Sites. In Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services on Post‐Industrial Land (pp. 97–118). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781394187416.ch4
Potter, L. (2008). The oil palm question in Borneo. In M. Persoon, Gerard A. & Osseweijer (Ed.), Reflections on the heart of Borneo (pp. 69–90). Wegeningen, the Netherlands: Tropenbos International.
Rodríguez, I., & Inturias, M. L. (2018). Conflict transformation in indigenous peoples’ territories: Doing environmental justice with a ‘decolonial turn.’ Development Studies Research, 5(1), 90–105. https://doi.org/10.1080/21665095.2018.1486220
Rundstrom, R. A. (1995). GIS, Indigenous Peoples, and Epistemological Diversity. Cartography and Geographic Information Systems, 22(1), 45–57. https://doi.org/10.1559/152304095782540564
Saikanth, D. R. K., Supriya, Singh, B. V., Rai, A. K., Bana, S. R., Sachan, D. S., & Singh, B. (2023). Advancing Sustainable Agriculture: A Comprehensive Review for Optimizing Food Production and Environmental Conservation. International Journal of Plant & Soil Science. https://doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2023/v35i163169
Saito, K. (2016). Marx’s Ecological Notebooks. Monthly Review, 67(9), 25. https://doi.org/10.14452/MR-067-09-2016-02_3
Saito, K. (2020). Capital in the Anthropocene [Hitoshinsei no Shihonron]. Tokyo: Shueisha.
Saito, K. (2023). Marx in the Anthropocene: Towards the Idea of Degrowth Communism. Cambridge University Press.
Saito, K. (2024). Slow down: How degrowth communism can save the earth. Hachette UK. https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=XSu1EAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PT3&dq=DEGROWTH+SAITO+2024&ots=WVq4ip9Lv6&sig=1PIaq6Fj3xjU4HlLPAawqjLVUH4
Schmidt, M. V. C., Ikpeng, Y. U., Kayabi, T., Sanches, R. A., Ono, K. Y., & Adams, C. (2021). Indigenous Knowledge and Forest Succession Management in the Brazilian Amazon: Contributions to Reforestation of Degraded Areas. Frontiers in Forests and Global Change, 4. https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2021.605925
Scott, J. C. (2009). The Art of Not Being Governed: An Anarchist History of Upland Southeast Asia. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
Siebrecht, N. (2020). Sustainable agriculture and its implementation gap - Overcoming obstacles to implementation. Sustainability (Switzerland). https://doi.org/10.3390/su12093853
Soehartono, T. & Newton, A. (2002). The Gaharu trade in Indonesia: is it sustainable? Economic Botany, (3), 271–284.
Sultana, F. (2023). Whose growth in whose planetary boundaries? Decolonising planetary justice in the Anthropocene. Geo: Geography and Environment, 10(2), e00128. https://doi.org/10.1002/geo2.128
Tanzito, G., Ibanda, P. A., Talaguma, R., & Lusanga, N. M. (2020). Slash-and-burn agriculture, the major cropping system in the region of Faradje in Democratic Republic of Congo: Ecological and socio-economic consequences. Journal of Development and Agricultural Economics, 12(1), 25–36. https://doi.org/10.5897/JDAE2019.1140
Thomaz, E. L. (2013). Slash-and-burn agriculture: Establishing scenarios of runoff and soil loss for a five-year cycle. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2013.01.008
Trivedi, P., Mattupalli, C., Eversole, K., & Leach, J. E. (2021). Enabling sustainable agriculture through understanding and enhancement of microbiomes. In New Phytologist. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.17319
Tsing, A. L. (1993). In the Realm of the Diamond Queen: Marginality in an Out-of-the-Way Place. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Viswanath, S., & Lubina, P. A. (2017). Traditional Agroforestry Systems. In J. C. Dagar & V. P. Tewari (Eds.), Agroforestry (pp. 91–119). Springer Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7650-3_3
Würtz, P., & Annila, A. (2010). Ecological succession as an energy dispersal process. Biosystems, 100(1), 70–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystems.2010.01.004
Ziegler, A. D., Fox, J. M., Webb, E. L., Padoch, C., Leisz, S. J., Cramb, R. A., Mertz, O., Bruun, T. B., & Vien, T. D. (2011). Recognizing Contemporary Roles of Swidden Agriculture in Transforming Landscapes of Southeast Asia. Conservation Biology. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2011.01664.x
