Cultural Tourism and Knowledge Management:
The Importance of Epistemological Awareness in Cultural Tourism Destination Management
Cakra Ludra Marhomi
Dinas Pariwisata Provinsi Kalimantan Utara, Tanjung Selor, Indonesia
cakra.ludra@mail.ugm.ac.id
Abstract
Tourism is an industrial sector that is proliferating and
promises benefits to large groups of people. This growth encourages the
formation of tourist destinations consisting of infrastructure, supporting
communities, and tourist attractions in many places. Some tourist destinations
highlight the culture of the people as part of a tourist attraction. Using
local culture as a tourist attraction will inevitably lead to a shift in the
values and meanings of the culture. Culture consists of three dimensions;
artifacts, behaviors, and ideas. Dimensions of ideas from culture include,
among others, beliefs and knowledge that are owned and passed down from
generation to generation through formal and non-formal education processes. In
the context of culture as a tourist attraction, the dimensions of local
cultural ideas will adapt to the tourism paradigm. Local beliefs will become a
part of an economic system that emphasizes uniqueness in its interactions with
other beliefs. Local knowledge, which includes factual, conceptual, procedural,
and metacognitive knowledge, initially a process of adaptation of local
communities to their environment, is now part of the tourism paradigm. Because
of its global nature, the tourism paradigm is a paradigm that has universal
standards. Therefore, epistemological awareness is needed to meet the
dimensions of local cultural ideas and the global tourism paradigm. This
epistemological awareness can be stimulated through knowledge management of the
supporting community in the tourist destination by utilizing existing
educational institutions and local organizations.
Keywords
cultural tourism, epistemological awareness, tourism paradigm, knowledge management
References
Ayazlar, G., & Ayazlar, R. (2016). Rural Tourism : A Conceptual
Approach. Tourism, Environment and Sustainability, 14, 167–184.
Burkart, A. J., & Medlik,
S. (1988). Tourism: Past, present and future (2nd ed). London: English
Language Book Society.
Caldito, L. A., Dimanche, F., Vapnyarskaya, O.,
& Kharitonova, T. (2015). Tourism Management. In F. Dimanche & L.
Andrades Caldito (Eds.), Tourism in Russia: A management handbook (First
edition, pp. 57–59). Bingley, United Kingdom: Emerald.
COŞKUN, G. (2021). Cultural Diffusion Theory and Tourism Implications. International
Journal of Geography and Geography Education, 43(January), 358–364.
https://doi.org/10.32003/igge.811722
Darudiato, S., & Setiawan, K. (2013). Knowledge Management: Konsep dan
Metodologi. Jurnal ULTIMA InfoSys, 4(1), 11–17.
https://doi.org/10.31937/si.v4i1.237
de Jong, T., &
Ferguson-Hessler, M. G. M. (1996). Types and qualities of knowledge. Educational
Psychologist, 31(2), 105–113. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326985ep3102_2
Davenport, T. H., &
Prusak, L. (2000). Working knowledge: How organizations manage what they
know. Boston, Mass.: Harvard Business School Press.
Geertz, C. (1983). Local
knowledge: Further essays in interpretive anthropology. S.l: Basic books.
Girard, J., & Girard, J.
(2015). Defining knowledge management: Toward an applied compendium. Online
Journal of Applied Knowledge Management, 3(1), 1–20.
Goeldner, C. R., &
Ritchie, J. R. B. (2012). Tourism: Principles, practices, philosophies
(12th ed). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Gustafson, K. (2018). The
Rise of Transformative Tourism: Shifting Towards Meaning, Purpose, and Personal
Fullfilment. Singapore: SKIFT.
Hahn, H. P. (2018). Material
Culture. In H. Callan (Ed.), The International Encyclopedia of Anthropology
(1st ed., pp. 1–15). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118924396.wbiea1789
Keesing, R. M. (1974). Theories of Culture. Annual Review of
Anthropology, 3, 73–97.
Kistanto, N. H. (2017). Tentang Konsep Kebudayaan. Sabda : Jurnal
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Nepal, S. K. (2020). Adventure travel and tourism after COVID-19–business
as usual or opportunity to reset? Tourism Geographies, 22(3),
646–650. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2020.1760926
Nilsson, P. (2002). Staying on Farms: An Ideological Background. Annals
of Tourism Research, 29, 7–24.
Nonaka, I., & Toyama, R.
(2015). The Knowledge-creating Theory Revisited: Knowledge Creation as a
Synthesizing Process. In J. S. Edwards (Ed.), The Essentials of Knowledge
Management (pp. 95–110). London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137552105_4
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J. (1998). If Only We Knew What We Know: Identification and Transfer of
Internal Best Practices. California Management Review, 40(3),
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tourism: A review of recent research and trends. Journal of Hospitality and
Tourism Management, 36, 12–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2018.03.005
Sesonske, A. (1956). “Cognitive” and “Normative.” Philosophy and
Phenomenological Research, 17(1), 1–21.
https://doi.org/10.2307/2104684
Shepherd, R. (2002). Commodification, culture and tourism. Tourist
Studies, 2(2), 183–201. https://doi.org/10.1177/146879702761936653
Stewart, B., Jan, P., Tim, R., & Gareth, S. (2018). Consuming places.
In Geographies of Transport and Mobility. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315584461-6
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Urry, J. (1995). Consuming
places. London ; New York: Routledge.
Vanzetti, D., & Peters, R.
(2021). COVID-19 and Tourism an Udate: Assessing the economic consequences.
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development.
World Tourism Organization
(UNWTO) (Ed.). (2007). A Practical Guide to Tourism Destination Management.
World Tourism Organization (UNWTO). https://doi.org/10.18111/9789284412433
Wearing, S. L. (2003). Volunteer Tourism. Tourism Recreation Research,
28(3), 3–4. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2003.11081411
Wei, L., Ting, C., & Deyan, X. (2007). Protection of Non-material
Cultural Heritages and Tourism Development. Canadian Social Science, 3(December
2006), 34–39.
Wendt, J. A. (2020). New Tourism in Xxi Century – New Definition. May,
94–97.
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M. (2016). Tourism destination: The networking approach. Moravian
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cakra.ludra@mail.ugm.ac.id
Abstract
Tourism is an industrial sector that is proliferating and
promises benefits to large groups of people. This growth encourages the
formation of tourist destinations consisting of infrastructure, supporting
communities, and tourist attractions in many places. Some tourist destinations
highlight the culture of the people as part of a tourist attraction. Using
local culture as a tourist attraction will inevitably lead to a shift in the
values and meanings of the culture. Culture consists of three dimensions;
artifacts, behaviors, and ideas. Dimensions of ideas from culture include,
among others, beliefs and knowledge that are owned and passed down from
generation to generation through formal and non-formal education processes. In
the context of culture as a tourist attraction, the dimensions of local
cultural ideas will adapt to the tourism paradigm. Local beliefs will become a
part of an economic system that emphasizes uniqueness in its interactions with
other beliefs. Local knowledge, which includes factual, conceptual, procedural,
and metacognitive knowledge, initially a process of adaptation of local
communities to their environment, is now part of the tourism paradigm. Because
of its global nature, the tourism paradigm is a paradigm that has universal
standards. Therefore, epistemological awareness is needed to meet the
dimensions of local cultural ideas and the global tourism paradigm. This
epistemological awareness can be stimulated through knowledge management of the
supporting community in the tourist destination by utilizing existing
educational institutions and local organizations.
Keywords
cultural tourism, epistemological awareness, tourism paradigm, knowledge managementReferences
Ayazlar, G., & Ayazlar, R. (2016). Rural Tourism : A Conceptual
Approach. Tourism, Environment and Sustainability, 14, 167–184.
Burkart, A. J., & Medlik,
S. (1988). Tourism: Past, present and future (2nd ed). London: English
Language Book Society.
Caldito, L. A., Dimanche, F., Vapnyarskaya, O.,
& Kharitonova, T. (2015). Tourism Management. In F. Dimanche & L.
Andrades Caldito (Eds.), Tourism in Russia: A management handbook (First
edition, pp. 57–59). Bingley, United Kingdom: Emerald.
COŞKUN, G. (2021). Cultural Diffusion Theory and Tourism Implications. International
Journal of Geography and Geography Education, 43(January), 358–364.
https://doi.org/10.32003/igge.811722
Darudiato, S., & Setiawan, K. (2013). Knowledge Management: Konsep dan
Metodologi. Jurnal ULTIMA InfoSys, 4(1), 11–17.
https://doi.org/10.31937/si.v4i1.237
de Jong, T., &
Ferguson-Hessler, M. G. M. (1996). Types and qualities of knowledge. Educational
Psychologist, 31(2), 105–113. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326985ep3102_2
Davenport, T. H., &
Prusak, L. (2000). Working knowledge: How organizations manage what they
know. Boston, Mass.: Harvard Business School Press.
Geertz, C. (1983). Local
knowledge: Further essays in interpretive anthropology. S.l: Basic books.
Girard, J., & Girard, J.
(2015). Defining knowledge management: Toward an applied compendium. Online
Journal of Applied Knowledge Management, 3(1), 1–20.
Goeldner, C. R., &
Ritchie, J. R. B. (2012). Tourism: Principles, practices, philosophies
(12th ed). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Gustafson, K. (2018). The
Rise of Transformative Tourism: Shifting Towards Meaning, Purpose, and Personal
Fullfilment. Singapore: SKIFT.
Hahn, H. P. (2018). Material
Culture. In H. Callan (Ed.), The International Encyclopedia of Anthropology
(1st ed., pp. 1–15). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118924396.wbiea1789
Keesing, R. M. (1974). Theories of Culture. Annual Review of
Anthropology, 3, 73–97.
Kistanto, N. H. (2017). Tentang Konsep Kebudayaan. Sabda : Jurnal
Kajian Kebudayaan, 10(2), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.14710/sabda.v10i2.13248
Nepal, S. K. (2020). Adventure travel and tourism after COVID-19–business
as usual or opportunity to reset? Tourism Geographies, 22(3),
646–650. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2020.1760926
Nilsson, P. (2002). Staying on Farms: An Ideological Background. Annals
of Tourism Research, 29, 7–24.
Nonaka, I., & Toyama, R.
(2015). The Knowledge-creating Theory Revisited: Knowledge Creation as a
Synthesizing Process. In J. S. Edwards (Ed.), The Essentials of Knowledge
Management (pp. 95–110). London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137552105_4
O’Dell, C., & Grayson, C.
J. (1998). If Only We Knew What We Know: Identification and Transfer of
Internal Best Practices. California Management Review, 40(3),
154–174. https://doi.org/10.2307/41165948
Richards, G. (2018). Cultural
tourism: A review of recent research and trends. Journal of Hospitality and
Tourism Management, 36, 12–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2018.03.005
Sesonske, A. (1956). “Cognitive” and “Normative.” Philosophy and
Phenomenological Research, 17(1), 1–21.
https://doi.org/10.2307/2104684
Shepherd, R. (2002). Commodification, culture and tourism. Tourist
Studies, 2(2), 183–201. https://doi.org/10.1177/146879702761936653
Stewart, B., Jan, P., Tim, R., & Gareth, S. (2018). Consuming places.
In Geographies of Transport and Mobility. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315584461-6
Susanto, N. N. (2019). PENTINGNYA MONUMEN DWIKORA DAN KESEJARAHANNYA 1.
13(2), 25–29. https://doi.org/10.24832/nw.v13i2.398
Suwena, I. K., & Widyatmaja, I. G. N. (2010). Pengetahuan Dasar
Ilmu Pariwisata. 252. Bali: Pustaka Larasan
Tylor, E. B. (1871). Primitive Culture. In Primitive Culture (Vols.
1 & 2). London: John Murray
UNWTO. (2013). Sustainable Tourism for Development Guidebook (1st
ed.). UNWTO.
Urry, J. (1995). Consuming
places. London ; New York: Routledge.
Vanzetti, D., & Peters, R.
(2021). COVID-19 and Tourism an Udate: Assessing the economic consequences.
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development.
World Tourism Organization
(UNWTO) (Ed.). (2007). A Practical Guide to Tourism Destination Management.
World Tourism Organization (UNWTO). https://doi.org/10.18111/9789284412433
Wearing, S. L. (2003). Volunteer Tourism. Tourism Recreation Research,
28(3), 3–4. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2003.11081411
Wei, L., Ting, C., & Deyan, X. (2007). Protection of Non-material
Cultural Heritages and Tourism Development. Canadian Social Science, 3(December
2006), 34–39.
Wendt, J. A. (2020). New Tourism in Xxi Century – New Definition. May,
94–97.
