Manunggalism: Paradigm, Philosophy, and Theory to View the World Relations (WR) Belong to Indonesian School (Mazhab Indonesia) in Manunggalian Era 21st Century
Adi Rio Arianto
1
, Gesti Anggraini
2
1
Alumni Master of Arts in International Relations, Universitas Gadjah Mada (Founder of Mazhab Indonesia and Lecturer of International Relations, Faculty of Social and Political Science, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional Veteran Jakarta)
2
Alumni Bachelor of Arts in International Relations, Faculty of Social and Political Science, Universitas Satya Negara Indonesia (Cofounder of Mazhab Indonesia)
arianto.adirio@gmail.com
Abstract
Understanding the world order and the world phenomenon can be divided into two main of grand-paradigm, namely “international relations” which is rooted in Western traditions and “world relations” which is rooted in Eastern traditions. The Western World sees the world order through the Discipline of International Relations (IR) which focuses on the study of the interaction of Materialism States as World-States. Furthermore, the Discipline of International Relations has produced various paradigms, philosophies, and theories about organizing the world through “Western International Relations Theory (IRT)”. Meanwhile, the Eastern World in viewing the world order has not been well codified. Therefore, the Eastern World continues to introduce new ideas on the Discipline of World Relations (WR) which focuses on the study of the interaction of Geometricalism Worlds “Tata Bawana” as World-Nations. As an effort to present a balance of studies and disciplines regarding ways to view the world, this paper would like to offer a new way of understanding the world order from the Eastern World by explaining: (1) Manunggalism as a paradigm, philosophy, and theory; (2) Indonesian School (Mazhab Indonesia) as a world political thought movement in organizing and theorizing the world relations with the spirit of “gotong royong” and its variation; (3) Introducing briefly “Eastern World Relations Theory (WRT)” to understand the world order in Manunggalian era of the 21st century, and (4) Classifying World Relations System to defining the world order in past, now, and future.
Keywords
Manunggalism, Indonesian School, Eastern World Relations Theory (WRT), World Relations System, Manunggalian Era
References
Abimanyu, S. (2013). Babad Tanah Jawi. Yogyakarta: Laksana.
Aizid, R. (2018). Sejarah Terlengkap Peradaban Dunia Dari Masa Sebelum Masehi Hingga Modern. Yogyakarta: Noktah.
Arianto, A. R. (2016). Keamanan Siber Menuju Perang Geometri Antarbangsa: Geometripolitika dan Arsitektur Keamanan Dunia Era Horizontal Abad 21. Prosiding Konvensi Nasional Asosiasi Ilmu Hubungan Internasional Indonesia VII (VENNAS AIHII VII), 1.
Arianto, A. R. (2019). Building Indonesia’s National Cyber Defense And Security To Face The Global Cyber Threats Through Indonesia Security Incident Response Team On Internet Infrastructure (ID-SIRTII). Jurnal Pertahanan & Bela Negara, Vol 2, 17-36.
Arianto, A. R. (2020). Manunggalism and the World Order in the Era of Manunggal 21st Century : The Role of Indonesia-China Cultural Cooperation in Building the Future of World Security Architecture by Promoting the Values of Mutual Cooperation “Gotong Royong”, Unity, and Harmon. Conference Proceedings: Symposium on Social Science, 1.
Arianto, A. R., & Anggraini, G. (2017). Cyber Security: Geometripolitika dan Dimensi Pembangunan Keamanan Dunia Era Horizontal Abad 21. Jurnal Power in Internasional Relatios, Vol 2, 1.
Arif, M. (2016). Wali Sanga, Menguak Tabir Kisah Sehingga Fakta Sejarah. Yogyakarta: Laksana.
Armstrong, K. (2001). A History of God: 4.000-Year Quest of Judaism, Cristianity and Islam atau Sejarah Tuhan: Kisah 4.000 Tahun Pencarian Tuhan Dalam Agama-Agama Manusia. Bandung: Mizan Pustaka.
Boechari. (2018). Melacak Sejarah Kuno Indonesia Lewat Prasasti (Tracing Ancient Indonesian History Through Inscriptions). Jakarta: Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia.
Darwin, C. (2017). The Origin of Species: Asal-Usul Makhluk Hidup Melalui Seleksi Alam. Jakarta: PT Buku Seru.
Fukuyama, F. (1992). The End of History and the Last Man: Kemenangan. Kapitalisme dan Demokrasi Liberal. Yogyakarta: Qalam.
Geertz, C. (2013). Agama Jawa: Abangan, Santri, Priyayi dalam Kebudayaan Jawa. Depok: Komunitas Bambu.
Harari, Y. (2011). Sapiens : Riwayat Singkat Umat Manusia. Jakarta: Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia.
Hegel, G. (2012). Filsafat Sejarah. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.
Herodotus. (2013). The Histories, Catatan Sejarah Herodotus dari Halicarnassus. Yogyakarta: Narasi.
Hobbes, T. (1642). De Cive (On The Citizan). Paris: Latin Translation.
Huntington, S. P. (1996). Benturan Antar Peradaban Dan Masa Depan Politik Dunia. Yogyakarta: Qalam.
James, G. G. (1954). Stolen Legacy: Greek Philosophy is Stolen Egyption Philosophy. United States of America: African American Images.
Machiavelli, N. (2019). Il Principe: Sang Pangeran, Buku Pedoman Para Diktator. Yogyakarta: Narasi.
Ptahhotep, & Kagemni. (1912). The Wisdom of the East: The Instruction of Ptah-Hotep and the Kegemni: The Oldest Books in the World. London: Battiscombe Gunn.
Raffles, T. S. (2019). The History of Java. Yogyakarta: Narasi.
Rajagopalachari, C. (2017). Kitab Epos Mahabharata. Yogyakarta: Laksana.
Rajagopalachari, C. (2020). Mahabharata Ramayana. Epos Terbesar Sepanjang Sejarah Anak Manusia. Yogyakarta: IRCiSoD.
Thucydides. (1972). History of the Peloponnesian War. England: Clays Ltd, St Ives Plc.
Toynbee, A. (2015). Sejarah Jejak Peradaban Manusia Dari 500SM-Abad XX. Bandung: Nusa Media.
Waddell, W. (1940). Manetho. Great Britain: The Univercity Press.
2 Alumni Bachelor of Arts in International Relations, Faculty of Social and Political Science, Universitas Satya Negara Indonesia (Cofounder of Mazhab Indonesia)
arianto.adirio@gmail.com
Abstract
Understanding the world order and the world phenomenon can be divided into two main of grand-paradigm, namely “international relations” which is rooted in Western traditions and “world relations” which is rooted in Eastern traditions. The Western World sees the world order through the Discipline of International Relations (IR) which focuses on the study of the interaction of Materialism States as World-States. Furthermore, the Discipline of International Relations has produced various paradigms, philosophies, and theories about organizing the world through “Western International Relations Theory (IRT)”. Meanwhile, the Eastern World in viewing the world order has not been well codified. Therefore, the Eastern World continues to introduce new ideas on the Discipline of World Relations (WR) which focuses on the study of the interaction of Geometricalism Worlds “Tata Bawana” as World-Nations. As an effort to present a balance of studies and disciplines regarding ways to view the world, this paper would like to offer a new way of understanding the world order from the Eastern World by explaining: (1) Manunggalism as a paradigm, philosophy, and theory; (2) Indonesian School (Mazhab Indonesia) as a world political thought movement in organizing and theorizing the world relations with the spirit of “gotong royong” and its variation; (3) Introducing briefly “Eastern World Relations Theory (WRT)” to understand the world order in Manunggalian era of the 21st century, and (4) Classifying World Relations System to defining the world order in past, now, and future.Keywords
Manunggalism, Indonesian School, Eastern World Relations Theory (WRT), World Relations System, Manunggalian EraReferences
Abimanyu, S. (2013). Babad Tanah Jawi. Yogyakarta: Laksana.
Aizid, R. (2018). Sejarah Terlengkap Peradaban Dunia Dari Masa Sebelum Masehi Hingga Modern. Yogyakarta: Noktah.
Arianto, A. R. (2016). Keamanan Siber Menuju Perang Geometri Antarbangsa: Geometripolitika dan Arsitektur Keamanan Dunia Era Horizontal Abad 21. Prosiding Konvensi Nasional Asosiasi Ilmu Hubungan Internasional Indonesia VII (VENNAS AIHII VII), 1.
Arianto, A. R. (2019). Building Indonesia’s National Cyber Defense And Security To Face The Global Cyber Threats Through Indonesia Security Incident Response Team On Internet Infrastructure (ID-SIRTII). Jurnal Pertahanan & Bela Negara, Vol 2, 17-36.
Arianto, A. R. (2020). Manunggalism and the World Order in the Era of Manunggal 21st Century : The Role of Indonesia-China Cultural Cooperation in Building the Future of World Security Architecture by Promoting the Values of Mutual Cooperation “Gotong Royong”, Unity, and Harmon. Conference Proceedings: Symposium on Social Science, 1.
Arianto, A. R., & Anggraini, G. (2017). Cyber Security: Geometripolitika dan Dimensi Pembangunan Keamanan Dunia Era Horizontal Abad 21. Jurnal Power in Internasional Relatios, Vol 2, 1.
Arif, M. (2016). Wali Sanga, Menguak Tabir Kisah Sehingga Fakta Sejarah. Yogyakarta: Laksana.
Armstrong, K. (2001). A History of God: 4.000-Year Quest of Judaism, Cristianity and Islam atau Sejarah Tuhan: Kisah 4.000 Tahun Pencarian Tuhan Dalam Agama-Agama Manusia. Bandung: Mizan Pustaka.
Boechari. (2018). Melacak Sejarah Kuno Indonesia Lewat Prasasti (Tracing Ancient Indonesian History Through Inscriptions). Jakarta: Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia.
Darwin, C. (2017). The Origin of Species: Asal-Usul Makhluk Hidup Melalui Seleksi Alam. Jakarta: PT Buku Seru.
Fukuyama, F. (1992). The End of History and the Last Man: Kemenangan. Kapitalisme dan Demokrasi Liberal. Yogyakarta: Qalam.
Geertz, C. (2013). Agama Jawa: Abangan, Santri, Priyayi dalam Kebudayaan Jawa. Depok: Komunitas Bambu.
Harari, Y. (2011). Sapiens : Riwayat Singkat Umat Manusia. Jakarta: Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia.
Hegel, G. (2012). Filsafat Sejarah. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.
Herodotus. (2013). The Histories, Catatan Sejarah Herodotus dari Halicarnassus. Yogyakarta: Narasi.
Hobbes, T. (1642). De Cive (On The Citizan). Paris: Latin Translation.
Huntington, S. P. (1996). Benturan Antar Peradaban Dan Masa Depan Politik Dunia. Yogyakarta: Qalam.
James, G. G. (1954). Stolen Legacy: Greek Philosophy is Stolen Egyption Philosophy. United States of America: African American Images.
Machiavelli, N. (2019). Il Principe: Sang Pangeran, Buku Pedoman Para Diktator. Yogyakarta: Narasi.
Ptahhotep, & Kagemni. (1912). The Wisdom of the East: The Instruction of Ptah-Hotep and the Kegemni: The Oldest Books in the World. London: Battiscombe Gunn.
Raffles, T. S. (2019). The History of Java. Yogyakarta: Narasi.
Rajagopalachari, C. (2017). Kitab Epos Mahabharata. Yogyakarta: Laksana.
Rajagopalachari, C. (2020). Mahabharata Ramayana. Epos Terbesar Sepanjang Sejarah Anak Manusia. Yogyakarta: IRCiSoD.
Thucydides. (1972). History of the Peloponnesian War. England: Clays Ltd, St Ives Plc.
Toynbee, A. (2015). Sejarah Jejak Peradaban Manusia Dari 500SM-Abad XX. Bandung: Nusa Media.
Waddell, W. (1940). Manetho. Great Britain: The Univercity Press.
